It must be appreciated that accidents can’t just happen, and can be prevented if due care and precautions are taken. Many of the accidents are the result of careless, thoughtlessness and neglect on part of human being.The senseless, thoughtless and careless acts and uncontrollable emotions are the basic reasons behind the happening of accidents. Although accidents can happen anywhere; it is easy to identify the place where most probly the accidents occur. In general accidents occur at the place where either human or any other form of power is in action. The accident places may be grouped into theree groups viz.
1) Indoor accident
2) Outdoor accident
3) Special category of accidents
1) Indoor places of accident
a) Kitchen, where gas, stove, electrically operated kitchenwares cookers and like appliances are used. b) Bathrooms where electric gaysers are used, and the acid bottles for cleaning are stored. c) Sitting rooms, and dining rooms
2) Outdoor places of accidents-
a) Roads b) Work places, where machinbes are used. c) Sports grounds.
3) Special category of accidents-
a) Poisoning, either accidental, such as food poisoning or intentional to commit suicide.
b) Bites and stings, such as dog bite, snake bite etc.
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS-
Accident prevention always better than copying with its effects.. As already pointed out accidents occure due to senseless acts and emotional outbursts, hence accidents may be prevented by being sensible and controlling emotions while acting. Get rid from some of the factors such as tiredless, streress, worry, anger that are responsible for faulty acts. Take due precautions while handling electric appliances, follow the rules to prevent fire.; take care of your habits and obey the rules while handling machinery. These are few of the hints if carefully observed would help to prevent accidents.
Monday, January 26, 2009
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:-
A) INDIVIDUAL:-
1) GENETIC:- Herediatory factor is one of the causes of certain disease. The genetic characters inhereted from parents are responsible for giving rise to some kind of illhealth. eg. there are greater chances that the children of diabetic parents may suffer from diabetes. The state of health therefore depends partly on the genetic constitution of individual.
2) LIFE STYLE:- The way of style attitude towards life and awareness regarding healthy living all affects the health of individual. The life style affects health in both the ways ie. it may maintain health or it may adversly affect the health.
B) ENVIRONMENTAL:-
1) SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT :- The way of life of human beings is governed by the set of rules and regulations framed and accepted byt the society in which they live. Many customs and traditions of a particular human society may affect healty of individual. Development of society plays important role in getting rid from health hazardous customs and traditions.Socioeconomic development and growth of society is multifactorial in nature. Integrated effords of different sectors result in the development of society. Thus inprovement in economic, educational, cultural sectors can collectively cause development of society. It is essential to realize that we are very much of the health is "not merely" an issue in isolation, but very much a part of the development process.
2) POLITICAL WILL:- If we look at the causes of illhealth then we can see that thepoverty is the root cause. The poor people living in slums, lacking good hygeinic conditions are the targets of disease agents. People in rural areas who do not have access to health seevices, and who can't afford to pay for medical treatment are too the victims of ill health. How far the policy makers are aware of the health problems of this group of people is issue primarily of political nature.The policies framed and implemented with the object of maintaining and promoting health of these people can certainly affect status of these communities.
Saturday, January 24, 2009
Industrial pollution-
Water pollution occure due to the presence of dissolved inorganic materials, organic materials like proteins ,fats , carbohydrates and physical factors like turbidity, colour, temperature of effluent, radioactivity etc.
Organic pollution due to presence of higher molecular weight compounds like sugars, oils, fats and proteins are obtained from distillery, canning like sugar and other food-processing industries. Some wastes from pharmaceutical and petroleum industries contain phenols which are toxic to fishes.
Turbidity of waste water is caused by the presence of colloidal matter which does not sel=ttle readily. This consist of fine clay particles, milk wastes, seage. Synthetic detergents, effluents from industries like paper-pulp, dye-stuff, tanning and textile industries add colour to the effluent.
Purification of water-
Impure water may be purified by one of the following method-
A) Natural 1) Pounding or storage
2) Oxidation and settlement.
B) Artificial 1) Physical
a) Distillation
b) Boiling
2) chemical
a) Precipitation
b) Disinfection
3) Filteration
a) slow and filteration
b) Rapid mechanical filteration
c) domestic filteration
Natural method of storing water helps in settling down of suspended particles. Use of a co-agulant like Aluminium sulphate in the contration of 13-50mg/lit. is suggested. Most of the settles down in the process. Oxidation with potassium Permaganate at a concentration of 5 parts per million are advisable.
Artificial method of distillation is used in chemical laboratories. Boiling removes solid material like chalk, obnoxious gases, organic matter and microbes. It is adapted as a precautionary measure in the presence of an epidemic of water-borne diseases. Use of filteration removes suspendes matter, the ova, cysts spores and bacteria. Slow sand filters use layer of bricks, broken stones, pebbles coarse and fine sand. The process of filtetarion is slow. It may take about 3 days for new bed of filters to be active. Rapid mechanical filters may be of pressure or gravity type. They are quick and filter about 450-600lit/24
Organic pollution due to presence of higher molecular weight compounds like sugars, oils, fats and proteins are obtained from distillery, canning like sugar and other food-processing industries. Some wastes from pharmaceutical and petroleum industries contain phenols which are toxic to fishes.
Turbidity of waste water is caused by the presence of colloidal matter which does not sel=ttle readily. This consist of fine clay particles, milk wastes, seage. Synthetic detergents, effluents from industries like paper-pulp, dye-stuff, tanning and textile industries add colour to the effluent.
Purification of water-
Impure water may be purified by one of the following method-
A) Natural 1) Pounding or storage
2) Oxidation and settlement.
B) Artificial 1) Physical
a) Distillation
b) Boiling
2) chemical
a) Precipitation
b) Disinfection
3) Filteration
a) slow and filteration
b) Rapid mechanical filteration
c) domestic filteration
Natural method of storing water helps in settling down of suspended particles. Use of a co-agulant like Aluminium sulphate in the contration of 13-50mg/lit. is suggested. Most of the settles down in the process. Oxidation with potassium Permaganate at a concentration of 5 parts per million are advisable.
Artificial method of distillation is used in chemical laboratories. Boiling removes solid material like chalk, obnoxious gases, organic matter and microbes. It is adapted as a precautionary measure in the presence of an epidemic of water-borne diseases. Use of filteration removes suspendes matter, the ova, cysts spores and bacteria. Slow sand filters use layer of bricks, broken stones, pebbles coarse and fine sand. The process of filtetarion is slow. It may take about 3 days for new bed of filters to be active. Rapid mechanical filters may be of pressure or gravity type. They are quick and filter about 450-600lit/24
Water Pollution-
The introduction of modern water carriage system transferred the sewage disposal from the strrets and the surrounding of townships to neighbouring streams and rivers. This initiated the problem of water pollution. With rapid urbanization and industrialization the problem of the pollution of natural waters is reaching alarming proportion.
The problem is more complicated where distribution of water is more uneven and fluctuating. Under such conditions, polluted waters are not sufficiently diluted. As a result the river waters do not get natuarally purified.
With expanding industries, the waste waters are discharged in neighbouring streams and they become progressively unsuitable as sources of potable water. Fish life may be ruined. The problems are becoming increasingly serious with higher degree of industrialization and higher standards of living.
All liquids wastes find there way to inland or coastal waters; hence pollution may be diminished be treatement of sewage and industrial wastes. It is depends on following factors.
a) Characteristics of sewage and waste water and their effects on probable use of the receiving streams.
b) The quantity of waste water.
c) Proximity of downstream municipalties, village communities and industries.
d) Possible harmful effects of waste water on the structure of sewage system.
Benefits of control-
The benefits which result from prevention of water pollution include a general improvement in the standard of health of population, the possibility of restoring stream waters to original beneficial state and rendering them fit as source of water supply and maintainance of clean and healthy surroundings.
The problem is more complicated where distribution of water is more uneven and fluctuating. Under such conditions, polluted waters are not sufficiently diluted. As a result the river waters do not get natuarally purified.
With expanding industries, the waste waters are discharged in neighbouring streams and they become progressively unsuitable as sources of potable water. Fish life may be ruined. The problems are becoming increasingly serious with higher degree of industrialization and higher standards of living.
All liquids wastes find there way to inland or coastal waters; hence pollution may be diminished be treatement of sewage and industrial wastes. It is depends on following factors.
a) Characteristics of sewage and waste water and their effects on probable use of the receiving streams.
b) The quantity of waste water.
c) Proximity of downstream municipalties, village communities and industries.
d) Possible harmful effects of waste water on the structure of sewage system.
Benefits of control-
The benefits which result from prevention of water pollution include a general improvement in the standard of health of population, the possibility of restoring stream waters to original beneficial state and rendering them fit as source of water supply and maintainance of clean and healthy surroundings.
Sunday, January 18, 2009
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH-
The main sources of water supply are-
1) Rain water or snow water and artificial lakes.
2) Surface water eg. Canals, rivers, tanks and ponds
3) Upland surface water eg. Lakes
4) Ground water eg. Wells and springs
5) Sea water
1) Rain water is pure initially; however it receives impurities from the atmosphere such as dust, soot, suspended matter, microbes, gases etc. Normally it is not pathogenic. Rain water if properly collected and stored is a safe water. It is soft as it contains no minarl salts in it. It is suitable for cooking, washing and bathing. It is soft and liable to corrode lead pipes and thereby cause lead poisoning.
2) Rain water on reaching the ground , or the melted snow from hills begins to flow as a river, canal, stream, lake or a pond and is called surface water. Since it may travel a long distance, it contains suspended materials. The water from these sources is collected in large reservoirs or settling tanks. Subsequently water is filtered and sterilized further by chlorination or other methods to make it suitable for drinking.
3) Upland surface water runs on the side on hills, slopes and valleys and is taken off as water supply before it forms big streams and rivers. An upland water is safe because it is pure rain water which has travelled a short distane. It needs purification by running through a bed of fine sand before final storage.
4) Wells and springs are important sources of ground water. An ideal well should be tapped in a good soil and should be at least 200ft. away from possible contamination source. No washing of clothes, utensils and bathing of persons be allowed near a well. Well-water may be treated with solution of 1 part of freshly prepared lime to 4 parts of water or bleaching powder, or potassium permagnate solution.
5) Distilled sea water is used for drinking purposes. For aeration of the distilled water it may be passed through a long column of wood charcoal; subsequently it is tasty and can be used for drinking purpose.
1) Rain water or snow water and artificial lakes.
2) Surface water eg. Canals, rivers, tanks and ponds
3) Upland surface water eg. Lakes
4) Ground water eg. Wells and springs
5) Sea water
1) Rain water is pure initially; however it receives impurities from the atmosphere such as dust, soot, suspended matter, microbes, gases etc. Normally it is not pathogenic. Rain water if properly collected and stored is a safe water. It is soft as it contains no minarl salts in it. It is suitable for cooking, washing and bathing. It is soft and liable to corrode lead pipes and thereby cause lead poisoning.
2) Rain water on reaching the ground , or the melted snow from hills begins to flow as a river, canal, stream, lake or a pond and is called surface water. Since it may travel a long distance, it contains suspended materials. The water from these sources is collected in large reservoirs or settling tanks. Subsequently water is filtered and sterilized further by chlorination or other methods to make it suitable for drinking.
3) Upland surface water runs on the side on hills, slopes and valleys and is taken off as water supply before it forms big streams and rivers. An upland water is safe because it is pure rain water which has travelled a short distane. It needs purification by running through a bed of fine sand before final storage.
4) Wells and springs are important sources of ground water. An ideal well should be tapped in a good soil and should be at least 200ft. away from possible contamination source. No washing of clothes, utensils and bathing of persons be allowed near a well. Well-water may be treated with solution of 1 part of freshly prepared lime to 4 parts of water or bleaching powder, or potassium permagnate solution.
5) Distilled sea water is used for drinking purposes. For aeration of the distilled water it may be passed through a long column of wood charcoal; subsequently it is tasty and can be used for drinking purpose.
Monday, January 12, 2009
Neck and Spine Fracture-
The spinal cord is a link of nervous tissue between the brain and the rest of body. It passes down through the vertebral column. Injury to the nect and spine may causes sever pain in neck and back regions and paralysis of body part below the injured spot.
Treatement-
1) Do not move the victim until absolutely necessary
2) If he is to be moved; use firm support for moving
3) Do not permit the victim to rotate his head; while moving take the help of another person to hold victim’s head on line with the spine.
4) Arrange for moving the victim ho hospital.
Chest Fracture-
Thoracic cage protects heart and lungs. If a broken rib should pierce a lung; bright red, frothing blood may be cpughed out. A penetrating wound could also produce bleeding from mouth.
Treatement-
1) If broken rib is suspended gently support the arm on the injured side in sling.
2) If there is open wound sucking the air, cover it immediately to keep the air out.
3) Lay the victim down and incline towards the injured side.
4) Arrange for quick transfer to hospital.
Burns and Scalds-
These are the injured caused due to contact with or too close heat and strong chemicals. Burns are injuries caused by open fire, chemicals, electricity etc. while scalds are injuries caused by moist heat (steam). Both burns and scalds cause similar damage to body tissue and hence the first aid treatement is similar. The severity of burns may vary from minor reddining of affected part (first degree) through blister (second degree). The most serious consequence in burning is the occurrence of shock. Infection due to contamination of burnt area is another serious condition that may follow the burns.
Treatement-
1) Do not move the victim until absolutely necessary
2) If he is to be moved; use firm support for moving
3) Do not permit the victim to rotate his head; while moving take the help of another person to hold victim’s head on line with the spine.
4) Arrange for moving the victim ho hospital.
Chest Fracture-
Thoracic cage protects heart and lungs. If a broken rib should pierce a lung; bright red, frothing blood may be cpughed out. A penetrating wound could also produce bleeding from mouth.
Treatement-
1) If broken rib is suspended gently support the arm on the injured side in sling.
2) If there is open wound sucking the air, cover it immediately to keep the air out.
3) Lay the victim down and incline towards the injured side.
4) Arrange for quick transfer to hospital.
Burns and Scalds-
These are the injured caused due to contact with or too close heat and strong chemicals. Burns are injuries caused by open fire, chemicals, electricity etc. while scalds are injuries caused by moist heat (steam). Both burns and scalds cause similar damage to body tissue and hence the first aid treatement is similar. The severity of burns may vary from minor reddining of affected part (first degree) through blister (second degree). The most serious consequence in burning is the occurrence of shock. Infection due to contamination of burnt area is another serious condition that may follow the burns.
Thursday, January 1, 2009
DISEASES
1) Blindness:- If the person’s cannot count fingers at a distance of 1 & half meters than he/she is considered blind.
2) Cancer:- * Cancer is mostly seen after age 50 years. *Smoking is strongly associated with lung cancer.*Early marriage & low level of genital hygiene are linked to cancer of cervix.* tobacco chewing is associated with oral cancer.*Drugs like butazolidine, urethane and estrogens are associated with cancer.
3) Diabetes:- To prevent diabetes avoid marriages among persons with known familial traits.*Prevention of obesity keeping Weight about 10% less than optimum.
For diet control daily exercise, use antidiabetic drugs & mainly they win by losing weight.
2) Cancer:- * Cancer is mostly seen after age 50 years. *Smoking is strongly associated with lung cancer.*Early marriage & low level of genital hygiene are linked to cancer of cervix.* tobacco chewing is associated with oral cancer.*Drugs like butazolidine, urethane and estrogens are associated with cancer.
3) Diabetes:- To prevent diabetes avoid marriages among persons with known familial traits.*Prevention of obesity keeping Weight about 10% less than optimum.
For diet control daily exercise, use antidiabetic drugs & mainly they win by losing weight.
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